We are continuously learning more about dogs’ abilities, improving nutrition, and dog care to optimize health. There are even some studies looking at the human members of the team!
Information can help improve dog care and well-being. This list of articles provides a good introduction to some of the research available about sled dogs and sports medicine. In addition, valuable information is available in the Musher Veterinary Handbook as well as our conference proceedings. Check back frequently for newly posted information as it becomes available. Coming Soon: our NEW Members Only page will be launching soon!
Gastrointestinal
Front Vet Sci. 2016 Apr 4;3:30. Gastritis and Gastric Ulcers in Working Dogs. Davis MS1, Williamson KK.
Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819149/
J Vet Intern Med. 2007 Sep-Oct;21(5):924-7. Efficacy of famotidine for the prevention of exercise-induced gastritis in racing Alaskan sled dogs. Williamson KK1, Willard MD, McKenzie EC, Royer CM, Payton ME, Davis MS. Free Full text: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03044.x
J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Mar-Apr;24(2):285-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0454.x. Efficacy of omeprazole versus high-dose famotidine for prevention of exercise-induced gastritis in racing Alaskan sled dogs. Williamson KK1, Willard MD, Payton ME, Davis MS. Free Full text: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0454.x
J Vet Intern Med. 2003 Mar-Apr;17(2):163-6. Efficacy of omeprazole for the prevention of exercise-induced gastritis in racing Alaskan sled dogs. Davis MS1, Willard MD, Nelson SL, McCullough SM, Mandsager RE, Roberts J, Payton ME. Free full text: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02428.x
J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Jan-Feb;24(1):97-103. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0418.x. Prevalence of diarrhea and enteropathogens in racing sled dogs. McKenzie E1, Riehl J, Banse H, Kass PH, Nelson S Jr, Marks SL. Free Full Text: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0418.x
J Vet Intern Med. 2003 May-Jun;17(3):311-4. Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs. Davis MS1, Willard MD, Nelson SL, Mandsager RE, McKiernan BS, Mansell JK, Lehenbauer TW. Free Full text: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02453.x
J Vet Intern Med. 2005 Jan-Feb;19(1):34-9. Sustained strenuous exercise increases intestinal permeability in racing Alaskan sled dogs. Davis MS1, Willard MD, Williamson KK, Steiner JM, Williams DA. Free full text: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02655.x
J Vet Intern Med. 2006 Jul-Aug;20(4):835-9. Temporal relationship between gastrointestinal protein loss, gastric ulceration or erosion, and strenuous exercise in racing Alaskan sled dogs. Davis M1, Willard M, Williamson K, Royer C, Payton M, Steiner JM, Hinchcliff K, McKenzie E, Nelson S Jr. Free Full Text; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01794.x
J Comp Pathol. 2011 Jul;145(1):68-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.11.008. Epub 2011 Jan 17. Gastritis in Alaskan racing sled dogs. Ritchey JW1, Davis MS, Breshears MA, Willard MD, Williamson KK, Royer CM, Payton ME, Cragun AS.
BMC Vet Res. 2013 Dec 5;9:246. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-246
Effects of a synbiotic on fecal quality, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and the microbiome of healthy sled dogs. Gagné JW, Wakshlag JJ1, Simpson KW, Dowd SE, Latchman S, Brown DA, Brown K, Swanson KS, Fahey GC Jr.
Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4029452/
J Vet Diagn Invest. 1997 Oct;9(4):447-8.
Salmonella shedding in racing sled dogs. Cantor GH1, Nelson S Jr, Vanek JA, Evermann JF, Eriks IS, Basaraba RJ, Besser TE.
Yaguiyan-Colliard, Laurence & Grandjean, Dominique. (2013). Digestive issues of working and athletic dogs. Veterinary Focus. 23. 9-13.
Neurology
J Small Anim Pract. 2009 Dec;50(12):670-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00857.x.
Hereditary encephalomyelopathy and polyneuropathy in an Alaskan husky. Wakshlag JJ1, de Lahunta A.
Acta Neuropathol. 2000 Jul;100(1):50-62. Alaskan Husky encephalopathy–a canine neurodegenerative disorder resembling subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh syndrome). Brenner O1, Wakshlag JJ, Summers BA, de Lahunta A.
J Small Anim Pract. 1999 Dec;40(12):585-9. Subacute necrotising encephalopathy in an Alaskan husky. Wakshlag JJ1, de Lahunta A, Robinson T, Cooper BJ, Brenner O, O’Toole TD, Olson J, Beckman KB, Glass E, Reynolds AJ.
Vet Pathol. 2020 Sep;57(5):666-674. doi: 10.1177/0300985820934112. Epub 2020 Jun 24. Polyneuropathy in Young Siberian Huskies Caused by Degenerative and Inflammatory Diseases. Jahns H, Vernau KM, Nolan CM, O’Neill EJ, Shiel RE, Shelton GD
Respiratory
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018 Oct 15;253(8):1057-1065. doi: 10.2460/javma.253.8.1057.
Congenital laryngeal paralysis in Alaskan Huskies: 25 cases (2009-2014). von Pfeil DJF, Zellner E, Fritz MC, Langohr I, Griffitts C, Stanley BJ.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Feb;37(2):337-41.
Effect of training and rest on respiratory mechanical properties in racing sled dogs. Davis M1, Williamson K, McKenzie E, Royer C, Payton M, Nelson S.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Sep 15;166(6):878-82.
Racing Alaskan sled dogs as a model of “ski asthma”. Davis MS1, McKiernan B, McCullough S, Nelson S Jr, Mandsager RE, Willard M, Dorsey K.
Acta Vet Scand. 2013 Sep 11;55:67. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-67.
Haemorrhagic pneumonia in sled dogs caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus – one fatality and two full recoveries: a case report. Jaeger G1, Skogmo HK, Kolbjørnsen O, Larsen HJ, Bergsjø B, Sørum H
Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3852515/
Can Vet J. 2012 Oct;53(10):1091-4.
Seroprevalence of canine influenza virus (H3N8) in Iditarod racing sled dogs.
Pecoraro HL1, Lee JS, Achenbach J, Nelson S Jr, Landolt GA. Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3447312/
Antioxidants and Stress
Neuromuscul-Disord. 2001 Apr;11(3):278-86. Vitamin E and exertional rhabdomyolysis during endurance sled dog racing. Piercy RJ1, Hinchcliff KW, Morley PS, DiSilvestro RA, Reinhart GA, Nelson SL Jr, Schmidt KE, Craig AM.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 May;33(5):826-33. Association between vitamin E and enhanced athletic performance in sled dogs. Piercy RJ1, Hinchcliff KW, Morley PS, Disilvestro RA, Reinhart GA, Nelson SL, Schmidt KE, Morrie Craig A.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2006 Apr;143(4):429-34. Total antioxidant power in sled dogs supplemented with blueberries and the comparison of blood parameters associated with exercise. Dunlap KL1, Reynolds AJ, Duffy LK.
AGRIS, 2006, Vol 28, No 4A, 41-44. Dietary antioxidants and exercise stress in dogs. Dunlap KL, Reynolds AJ
Am J Vet Res. 2000, May; 61 (5):512- 7. Oxidant stress in sled dogs subjected to repetitive endurance exercise. Hinchcliff KW, Reinhart GA, DiSilvestro R, Reynolds A, Blostein-Fujii A, Swenson R.
Am J Vet Res. 2000 Aug;61(8):886-91. Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation on oxidative damage and resistance to oxidative damage during prolonged exercise in sled dogs. Baskin CR1, Hinchcliff KW, DiSilvestro RA, Reinhart GA, Hayek MG, Chew BP, Burr JR, Swenson RA.
Am J Vet Res. 2000 Nov;61(11):1438-45. Effect of dietary supplements containing antioxidants on attenuation of muscle damage in exercising sled dogs. Piercy RJ1, Hinchcliff KW, DiSilvestro RA, Reinhart GA, Baskin CR, Hayek MG, Burr JR, Swenson RA.
Am J Vet Res. 2000 May;61(5):512-7. Oxidant stress in sled dogs subjected to repetitive endurance exercise. Hinchcliff KW1, Reinhart GA, DiSilvestro R, Reynolds A, Blostein-Fujii A, Swenson RA
Environ Res Lett. 2011 Oct-Dec;6(4). Mercury interferes with endogenous antioxidant levels in Yukon River subsistence-fed sled dogs. Dunlap KL1, Reynolds AJ1, Gerlach SC2, Duffy LK1. Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543993/
Cytokines and Inflammatory Markers
Acta Vet Scand. 2016 Apr 26;58:24. Serum concentration of gastrin, cortisol and C-reactive protein in a group of Norwegian sled dogs during training and after endurance racing: a prospective cohort study. Fergestad ME1,2, Jahr TH3, Krontveit RI4, Skancke E1. Free Full text article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4845360/
Aust Vet J. 2016 May;94(5):154-9. Influence of endurance and sprinting exercise on plasma adiponectin, leptin and irisin concentrations in racing Greyhounds and sled dogs. Bell MA1, Levine CB2, Downey RL3, Griffitts C4, Mann S2, Frye CW2, Wakshlag JJ5.
Can Vet J. 2015 Dec;56(12):1252-6. Evaluation of plasma inflammatory cytokine concentrations in racing sled dogs. von Pfeil DJ1, Cummings BP1, Loftus JP1, Levine CB1, Mann S1, Downey RL1, Griffitts C1, Wakshlag JJ1.
Free full text; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4668826/
J Vet Intern Med. 2015 Mar-Apr;29(2):519-25. Plasma vitamin D metabolites and C-reactive protein in stage-stop racing endurance sled dogs. Spoo JW1, Downey RL, Griffitts C, Horst RJ, Levine CB, Childs RM, Wakshlag JJ.
Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4895491/
J Vet Intern Med. 2013 Mar-Apr;27(2):371-6. Assessment of serum myokines and markers of inflammation associated with exercise in endurance racing sled dogs. Yazwinski M1, Milizio JG, Wakshlag JJ.
Am J Vet Res. 2010 Oct;71(10):1207-13. Evaluation of exercise-induced changes in concentrations of C-reactive protein and serum biochemical values in sled dogs completing a long-distance endurance race. Wakshlag JJ1, Stokol T, Geske SM, Greger CE, Angle CT, Gillette RL.
J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Nov-Dec;24(6):1388-92. The influence of high-intensity moderate duration exercise on cardiac troponin I and C-reactive protein in sled dogs. Wakshlag JJ1, Kraus MS, Gelzer AR, Downey RL, Vacchani P.
Biochemistry and Hematology
Comparative Exercise Physiology. 2019: 15(4), pp. 253-258. Effects of resistance training on serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and transferring saturation in police working dogs. Ramos, B.; Moraes, J.: Pinheiro, R.: Souza, V.: Alves, J. C.; Coelho, C
Acta Vet Scand. 2019; 61: 20. Hematological and serum biochemical values in Norwegian sled dogs before and after competing in a 600 km race. Tuva Holt Jahr,1 Marte Ekeland Fergestad,2 Ola Brynildsrud,3 Hege Brun-Hansen,1 and Ellen Skancke1. Free Full article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485113/
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Mar 15;232(6):873-8. Effects of training and strenuous exercise on hematologic values and peripheral blood leukocyte subsets in racing sled dogs. Davis MS1, Davis WC, Ensign WY, Hinchcliff KW, Holbrook TC, Williamson KK.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007 May 15;230(10):1486-92. Serum chemistry alterations in Alaskan sled dogs during five successive days of prolonged endurance exercise. McKenzie EC1, Jose-Cunilleras E, Hinchcliff KW, Holbrook TC, Royer C, Payton ME, Williamson K, Nelson S, Willard MD, Davis MS.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998 Sep 1;213(5):639-44. Effect of distance traveled and speed of racing on body weight and serum enzyme activity of sled dogs competing in a long-distance race.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2005 Summer;105(1-3):87-96. Sustained strenuous exercise in sled dogs depresses three blood copper enzyme activities. DiSilvestro RA1, Hinchcliff KW, Blostein-Fujii A.
Res Vet Sci. 1996 Nov;61(3):271-2. Performance failure in Alaskan sled dogs: biochemical correlates. Hinchcliff KW1
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997 Sep;83(3):824-9. Exercise-associated hyponatremia in Alaskan sled dogs: urinary and hormonal responses. Hinchcliff KW1, Reinhart GA, Burr JR, Swenson RA. Free full text: https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.3.824
J Nutr. 1994 Dec;124(12 Suppl):2760S-2764S. Blood changes during training and racing in sled dogs. Querengaesser A1, Iben C, Leibetseder J.
Am J Vet Res. 2003 Jul;64(7):855-9. Effects of short-term racing activity on platelet and neutrophil activation in dogs. Moritz A1, Walcheck BK, Deye J, Weiss DJ
Vet Clin Pathol. 2014 Mar;43(1):15-23. Effects of racing on reticulocyte concentrations in Greyhounds. Horvath SJ1, Couto CG, Yant K, Kontur K, Bohenko L, Iazbik MC, MarÃn LM, Hudson D, Chase J, Frye M, Denicola DB.
J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 2019 Oct-Dec;22(4):320-328. Effects of Short-Distance Recreational Mushing on Oxytocin, Gastrin, and Creatinine Kinase in Sled Dogs. Leggieri LR1, Marozzi A1, Panebianco A1, Gregorio P1, Carmanchahi P1
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997 Jul 15;211(2):175-9. Serum biochemical values in sled dogs before and after competing in long-distance races. Burr JR1, Reinhart GA, Swenson RA, Swaim SE, Vaughn DM, Bradley DM.
Vet Clin Pathol. 2009 Sep;38(3):370-4. Hematologic, serum biochemical, and cortisol changes associated with anticipation of exercise and short duration high-intensity exercise in sled dogs. Angle CT1, Wakshlag JJ, Gillette RL, Stokol T, Geske S, Adkins TO, Gregor C
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993 Feb 1;202(3):401-5. Serum biochemical changes in dogs competing in a long-distance sled race. Hinchcliff KW1, Olson J, Crusberg C, Kenyon J, Long R, Royle W, Weber W, Burr J
Front Vet Sci. 2018 Jul 19;5:145. Serum Biochemistry and Inflammatory Cytokines in Racing Endurance Sled Dogs With and Without Rhabdomyolysis. Frye CW1, Mann S2, Joseph JL1, Hansen C3, Sass B4, Wakshlag JJ1. Free full article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6060244/
Am J Vet Res. 1999 Jul;60(7):789-95. Effect of protein intake during training on biochemical and performance variables in sled dogs. Reynolds AJ1, Reinhart GA, Carey DP, Simmerman DA, Frank DA, Kallfelz FA
Vet Ther. 2004 Spring;5(1):52-9. Biochemical and metabolic changes due to exercise in sprint-racing sled dogs: implications for postexercise carbohydrate supplements and hydration management. Wakshlag JJ1, Snedden K, Reynolds AJ.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997 Jun 1;210(11):1615-8. Effect of racing on serum sodium and potassium concentrations and acid-base status of Alaskan sled dogs. Hinchcliff KW1, Reinhart GA, Burr JR, Schreier CJ, Swenson RA.
J Nutr Sci. 2014 Sep 25;3:e26. Serum chemistry and electrolyte alterations in sled dogs before and after a 1600 km race: dietary sodium and hyponatraemia. Ermon V1, Yazwinski M1, Milizio JG1, Wakshlag JJ1. Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4473165/
Thyroid
J Vet Intern Med. 2003 Jul-Aug;17(4):593-6. Plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs competing in a long-distance sled dog race. Panciera DL1, Hinchcliff KW, Olson J, Constable PD. Free full text: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02485.x
Am J Vet Res. 2004 Mar;65(3):333-7. Alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy sled dogs before and after athletic conditioning. Evason MD1, Carr AP, Taylor SM, Waldner CL.
Am J Animal & Vet Sci ; (2008) 3(4): 96-103. Cross-latitudinal, seasonal and diurnal comparisons in thyroid hormone concentrations in sled dogs. Dunlap KL, Reynolds AJ, Refsal KR, Kerr WW, Duffy LK.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Jan 15;224(2):226-31. Effects of racing and nontraining on plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in sled dogs. Lee JA1, Hinchcliff KW, Piercy RJ, Schmidt KE, Nelson S Jr.
Acta Vet Scand. 2014 Feb 7;56:11. Exercise induced hypercoagulability, increased von Willebrand factor and decreased thyroid hormone concentrations in sled dogs. Krogh AK1, Legind P, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Bochsen L, Kristensen AT. Free Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922025/
Metabolism and Exercise Physiology
Comparative Exercise Physiology: 2020. 16 (3)- Pages: 197 – 205. Effect of multiday exercise on serum hormones and metabolic substrate concentrations in racing sled dogs. M.S. Davis, K.W. Hinchcliff, K.K. Williamson, E.C. McKenzie, C.M. Royer.
Comparative Exercise Physiology: 2018. 14 (3)- Pages: 149 – 159. Serum metabolomics of Alaskan sled dogs during endurance racing. Gamble L-J, Frye CW, Hansen CM, Locasale JW, Liu X, Davis MS, Wakshlag JJ.
Free full text: https://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/pdf/10.3920/CEP180010
J Comp Physiol B. 2010 Apr;180(4):577-89. Energy metabolism of Inuit sled dogs.Gerth N1, Redman P, Speakman J, Jackson S, Starck JM.
Biochem Biophys Rep. 2015 Jul 1;2:45-49. The effect of acute exercise on GLUT4 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sled dogs. Schnurr TM1, Reynolds AJ2, Komac AM1, Duffy LK1, Dunlap KL1. Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4554329/
J Comp Physiol B. 2010 Apr;180(4):577-89. Energy metabolism of Inuit sled dogs. Gerth N1, Redman P, Speakman J, Jackson S, Starck JM.
J Exp Biol. 2009 Apr;212(Pt 8):1131-9. Muscle plasticity of Inuit sled dogs in Greenland. Gerth N1, Sum S, Jackson S, Starck JM.
Am J Vet Res. 2007 Mar;68(3):225; author reply 225. Comments on urinary cortisol excretion and adrenocortical activity in sled dogs. Fenske M.
Am J Vet Res. 2008 Aug;69(8):1097-103. Assessment of alterations in triglyceride and glycogen concentrations in muscle tissue of Alaskan sled dogs during repetitive prolonged exercise. McKenzie EC1, Hinchcliff KW, Valberg SJ, , Williamson KK, Payton ME, Davis MS.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Aug;37(8):1307-12. Recovery of muscle glycogen concentrations in sled dogs during prolonged exercise. McKenzie E1, Holbrook T, Williamson K, Royer C, Valberg S, Hinchcliff K, Jose-Cunilleras E, Nelson S, Willard M, Davis M.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2004 Jun;88(5-6):234-8. Effect of exercise on the mobilization of retinol and retinyl esters in plasma of sled dogs. Raila J1, Stohrer M, Forterre S, Stangassinger M, Schweigert FJ.
PLoS One. 2017 Apr 26;12(4):e0174874. Mitochondrial respiration in highly aerobic canines in the non-raced state and after a 1600-km sled dog race. Miller B1, Hamilton K1, Boushel R2, Williamson K3, Laner V4, Gnaiger E5, Davis M6. Free Full text:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405936/
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 4(2); 89–94. Effects of endurance training on VO2max and submaximal blood lactate concentrations of untrained sled dogs. Heidi E Banse, Raymond H Sides, Brent C Ruby and Warwick M Bayly. Free full text: https://www.wageningenacademic.com/pb-assets/wagen/files/cep/cep_back_issues/S1478061507811455a-1432646584567.pdf
J Nutr Sci. 2015 Oct 12;4:e32. The oral [(13)C]bicarbonate technique for measurement of short-term energy expenditure of sled dogs and their physiological response to diets with different fat:carbohydrate ratios. Larsson C1, Ahlstrøm Ø2, Junghans P3, Jensen RB1, Blache D4, Tauson AH. Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4611086/
J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2018 Jul;28(4):310-316. Serum myoglobin, creatine kinase, and cell-free DNA in endurance sled dogs and sled dogs with clinical rhabdomyolysis. Devall VC1, Goggs R2, Hansen C3, Frye CW2, Letendre JA2, Wakshlag JJ2.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018 Dec;50(12):2494-2499. Effect of Endurance Conditioning on Insulin-mediated Glucose Clearance in Dogs. Davis MS1, Geor RJ2, Williamson KK1.
ScientificWorldJournal. 2016;2016:5686372. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Selected Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein Concentrations during an Ultramarathon Sled Dog Race. Brunke MW1, Frye CW2, Levine CB2, Hansen C3, Wakshlag JJ2. Free Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027292/
Toxicol Sci. 2017 Apr 1;156(2):422-427.Response of Novel Skeletal Muscle Biomarkers in Dogs to Drug-Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury or Sustained Endurance Exercise. Vlasakova K1, Lane P1, Michna L1, Muniappa N1, Sistare FD1, Glaab WE1.
PLoS One. 2014 Jul 30;9(7):e103087. Conditioning increases the gain of contraction-induced sarcolemmal substrate transport in ultra-endurance racing sled dogs. Davis MS1, Bonen A2, Snook LA2, Jain SS2, Bartels K3, Geor R4, Hueffer K5. Free Full Text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4116179/
Am J Vet Res. 2007 Jan;68(1):107-11. Effect of strenuous exercise on urine concentrations of homovanillic acid, cortisol, and vanillylmandelic acid in sled dogs. Durocher LL1, Hinchcliff KW, Williamson KK, McKenzie EC, Holbrook TC, Willard M, Royer CM, Davis MS.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Aug;107(2):605-12. Temporal pattern of skeletal muscle gene expression following endurance exercise in Alaskan sled dogs. Brass EP1, Peters MA, Hinchcliff KW, He YD, Ulrich RG. Free Full text: https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.91347.2008
Vet J. 2014 Nov;202(2):372-7. Influence of racing on the serum concentrations of acute-phase proteins and bone metabolism biomarkers in racing greyhounds. Tharwat M1, Al-Sobayil F2, Buczinski S3.
Vet Ther. 2002 Fall;3(3):215-25. Effects of exercise on canine skeletal muscle proteolysis: an investigation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and other metabolic markers. Wakshlag JJ1, Kallfelz FA, Barr SC, Ordway G, Haley NJ, Flaherty CE, Kelley RL, Altom EK, Lepine AJ, Davenport GM.
Polar Rec (Gr Brit). 2015 Mar;51(2):160-164. Glucose transporter-4 in white blood cells of young and old sled dogs: a model for human biomarker development. Schnurr TM1, Reynolds AJ1, Duffy LK1, Dunlap KL1. Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507629/
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2014 Oct;55:227-31. Conditioning causes an increase in glucose transporter-4 levels in mononuclear cells in sled dogs. Schnurr TM1, Reynolds AJ2, Gustafson SJ3, Duffy LK3, Dunlap KL3. Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4252701/
Nutrition
J Nutr Sci. 2014 Sep 30;3:e34. Energy requirements for racing endurance sled dogs. Loftus JP1, Yazwinski M1, Milizio JG1, Wakshlag JJ1. Free Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4473159/
Journal of Nutritional Science. 2015, 4: e32. The oral [13C]bicarbonate technique for measurement of short-term energy expenditure of sled dogs and their physiological response to diets with different fat:carbohydrate ratios. Larsson C., Ahlstrøm Ø., Junghans P., Jensen R. B., Blache D. & Tauson A.-H. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2015.23
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 Jun 15;118(12):1502-9. Participation in a 1,000-mile race increases the oxidation of carbohydrate in Alaskan sled dogs. Miller BF1, Drake JC2, Peelor FF 3rd2, Biela LM2, Geor R3, Hinchcliff K4, Davis M5, Hamilton KL.
Am J Vet Res. 1997 Dec;58(12):1457-62. Metabolizable energy intake and sustained energy expenditure of Alaskan sled dogs during heavy exertion in the cold. Hinchcliff KW1, Reinhart GA, Burr JR, Schreier CJ, Swenson RA.
J Vet Intern Med. 2018 May;32(3):1149-1154. Water requirements of canine athletes during multi-day exercise. Stephens-Brown L1, Davis M2. Free Full Text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5980383/
Anim Cogn. 2019 Nov;22(6):931-946. Motoric self-regulation by sled dogs and pet dogs and the acute effect of carbohydrate source in sled dogs. Kelly DM1,2, Adolphe JL3, Vernouillet A4, McCausland JA5, Rankovic A6, Verbrugghe A6.
Can Vet J. 1988 Apr;29(4):383-5. Thiamine deficiency in a team of sled dogs. Houston DM, Hulland TJ. Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1680895/
Grandjean, Dominique & Clero, Delphine & Feugier, Alexandre & Driss, Faty. (2015). Influence of Pre and Per-Exercise Nutritional Supplementation on Working Dogs Biological Markers Evolution during a Standardized Exercise. EC Veterinary Science. 1. 5-20.
Clero, Delphine & Grandjean, Dominique. (2012). Influence of high-fat/high-antioxidant nutritional supplementation before and during endurance exercise on physiological and biochemical responses in physically trained search and rescue dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research. 7. 10.1016/j.jveb.2011.12.006.
J Nutr Sci. 2017 Aug 29;6:e45. A survey of feeding, activity, supplement use and energy consumption in North American agility dogs. Dinallo GK1, Poplarski JA1, Van Deventer GM1, Eirmann LA1,2, Wakshlag JJ1. Free Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5672316/
J Nutr. 1994 Dec;124(12 Suppl):2754S-2759S. Lipid metabolite responses to diet and training in sled dogs. Reynolds AJ1, Fuhrer L, Dunlap HL, Finke MD, Kallfelz FA.
J Appl Physiol. 1995 Nov;79(5):1601-7. Effect of diet and training on muscle glycogen storage and utilization in sled dogs. Reynolds AJ11, Fuhrer L, Dunlap HL, Finke M, Kallfelz FA.
Am J Vet Res. 1997 Nov;58(11):1252-6. Effect of postexercise carbohydrate supplimentation on muscle glycogen repletion in trained sled dogs. Reynolds AJ, Carey DP, Reinhart GA, Swenson RA, Kallfelz FA.
Vet Ther, 2002; Fall; 3(3):226-34. Effects of post exercise supplements on glycogen repletion in skeletal muscle. Wakshlag JJ, Snedden KA, Otis AM, Kennedy CA, Kennett TP, Scarlett JM, Kallfelz FA,Davenport GM, Reynolds AJ, Reinhart GA.
Polar Record, Available on CJO 2011 doi:10.1017/S0032247411000350. Selected plasma fatty acid levels in subsistence fed sled dogs along the Yukon River: a pilot study for biomonitoring. Dunlap KL, Reynolds AJ, Duffy LK , Gerlach SG, Loring PA, Cleroux M and Godin JP
J Nutr Sci. 2017 Jun 5;6:e27. The effects of a post-exercise carbohydrate and protein supplement on repeat performance, serum chemistry, insulin and glucagon in competitive weight-pulling dogs. Frye CW1, VanDeventer GM1, Dinallo GK1, Poplarski JA1, Mann S1, Pittman E1, Zanghi BM2, Wakshlag JJ1. Free Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5468743/
Vet World. 2019 May;12(5):671-676. Phosphatidylcholine from krill increases plasma choline and its metabolites in dogs. Burri L1, Heggen K1, Storsve AB1. Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6584849/
Res Vet Sci. 2018 Dec;121:18-22. Effects of dietary supplementation with krill meal on serum pro-inflammatory markers after the Iditarod sled dog race. Burri L1, Wyse C2, Gray SR3, Harris WS4, Lazzerini K5.
Front Vet Sci. 2016 Aug 2;3:59. The Effects of Varying Concentrations of Dietary Protein and Fat on Blood Gas, Hematologic Serum Chemistry, and Body Temperature Before and After Exercise in Labrador Retrievers. Ober J1, Gillette RL2, Angle TC2, Haney P2, Fletcher DJ1, Wakshlag JJ1. Free Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4969627/
J Nutr Sci. 2014 Oct 13;3:e44. The effects of exercise and diet on olfactory capability in detection dogs. Angle CT1, Wakshlag JJ2, Gillette RL1, Steury T3, Haney P1, Barrett J1, Fisher T1. Free Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4473149/
Vet Ther. 2002 Fall;3(3):226-34. Effects of post-exercise supplements on glycogen repletion in skeletal muscle. Wakshlag JJ1, Snedden KA, Otis AM, Kennedy CA, Kennett TP, Scarlett JM, Kallfelz FA, Davenport GM, Reynolds AJ, Reinhart GA.
Immunology
Vet Clin Pathol. 2010 Dec;39(4):436-9. Serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM in retired racing Greyhound dogs. Clemente M1, MarÃn L, Iazbik MC, Couto CG.
J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Jan-Feb;24(1):179-84. Hypogammaglobulinemia in racing Alaskan sled dogs. McKenzie E1, Lupfer C, Banse H, Hinchcliff K, Love S, Nelson S Jr, Davis M, Payton M, Pastey M. Free Full text: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0416.x
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Jun 1;232(11):1669-73. Assessment of serum antibody titers against canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type II, and canine parvovirus in Alaskan sled dogs before and after a long-distance race. Banse HE1, McKenzie EC, Nelson S, Hinchcliff KW.
J Vet Inter Med , 2012, 26 (3), 808-809. Nutritional immunomodulation: Bovine colostrum for immune & Gut Health in Dogs. Satyaraj E, Reynolds A.
Allergy 2011, 66, 726-726. Nutritional immunomodulation-bovine colostrum for immune and gut health. Satyaraj E, Reynolds AJ.
Br.J.Nutr; 2013 Dec; 110(12) 2216-21. Supplementation of diets with bovine colostrum influences immune function in dogs. Satyaraj E, Reynolds AJ, Pelker R, Labuda J, Zhang P, Sun P.
Genetics
BMC Genet. 2010 Jul 22;11:71. A genetic dissection of breed composition and performance enhancement in the Alaskan sled dog. Huson HJ1, Parker HG, Runstadler J, Ostrander EA. Free Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920855/
Mamm Genome. 2012 Feb;23(1-2):178-94. Breed-specific ancestry studies and genome-wide association analysis highlight an association between the MYH9 gene and heat tolerance in Alaskan sprint racing sled dogs. Huson HJ1, vonHoldt BM, Rimbault M, Byers AM, Runstadler JA, Parker HG, Ostrander EA. Free Full Text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320045/
J Hered. 2011 Sep-Oct;102 Suppl 1:S19-27. An SNP within the angiotensin-converting enzyme distinguishes between sprint and distance performing Alaskan sled dogs in a candidate gene analysis. Huson HJ1, Byers AM, Runstadler J, Ostrander EA. Free Full Text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3157885/
Heredity (Edinb). 2015 Dec;115(6):488-95. Using multiple markers to elucidate the ancient, historical and modern relationships among North American Arctic dog breeds. Brown SK1,2, Darwent CM2, Wictum EJ1, Sacks BN1 Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4806895/
Cardiology
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997 Nov 1;211(9):1138-41. Electrocardiographic characteristics of endurance-trained Alaskan sled dogs. Hinchcliff KW1, Constable PD, Farris JW, Schmidt KE, Hamlin RL
Am J Vet Res. 2000 May;61(5):582-8. Effects of endurance training on standard and signal-averaged electrocardiograms of sled dogs. Constable PD1, Hinchcliff KW, Olson JL, Stepien RL.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994 Jan;76(1):433-8. Athletic heart syndrome in dogs competing in a long-distance sled race. Constable PD1, Hinchcliff KW, Olson J, Hamlin RL.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998 Oct;85(4):1368-75. Effect of endurance training on cardiac morphology in Alaskan sled dogs. Stepien RL1, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD, Olson J. Free Full text: https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1368
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997 Mar;20(3 Pt 1):654-63. The conduction system in sudden death in Alaskan sled dogs during the Iditarod race and/or during training. Bharati S1, Cantor GH, Leach JB 3rd, Schmidt KE, Blake J.
“Athletic Heart Syndrome in the Sled Dog” (1997). Garza, Robert Francis. University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects.
Vet J. 2013 Sep;197(3):900-2. Influence of racing on the serum concentrations of the cardiac biomarkers troponin I and creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) in racing greyhounds. Tharwat M1, Al-Sobayil F, Buczinski S
Orthopedics
Vet Med (Auckl). 2015 Oct 20;6:329-339. A survey on orthopedic injuries during a marathon sled dog race. von Pfeil DJ1,2, Liska WD3, Nelson S Jr4, Mann S5, Wakshlag JJ6. Free Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6067524/
Can Vet J. 2018 Dec;59(12):1329-1332. Successful medical management and rehabilitation of exercise-induced dorsal scapular luxation in an ultramarathon endurance sled dog with magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of grade II serratus ventralis strain. Frye CW1, Hansen CM1, Gendron K1, von Pfeil DJF1. Free Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6237258/
Integ Vet Care Journal. 2018, Fall: 22-29 Recognizing Soft Tissue Injuries in the dog from an Integrative perspective, Part 1. Henneman, K
Integ Vet Care Journal. 2018-19, Winter: 22-28. Recognizing Soft Tissue Injuries in the dog from an integrative perspective, Part 2. Henneman, K
Integ Vet Care Journal. 2012-13, Winter: 22-26. Winter Lameness. Henneman, K.
Clean Run. 2014 June, 24-27. The Biomechanics of Toes and Nails. Henneman, K.
Click to see the IPSSSDR Slow Motion Start video.
Clean Run. 2013 July, 30-34. Thermal Imaging for the Agility Dog. Henneman, K.
Mushing Magazine. 2009, July/August, 8-9. Thermal Imaging, Injury, and the Working Dog. Henneman, K.
Part 1; Part 2
Ski Patrol Magazine, NSP.org. 2019, Fall, 30-31. Tips from the vet. Henneman, K.
Parasitology
Vet Parasitol. 2014 May 28;202(3-4):276-86. The risk of vector-borne infections in sled dogs associated with existing and new endemic areas in Poland: Part 1: A population study on sled dogs during the racing season. Bajer A1, Mierzejewska EJ2, Rodo A3, Bednarska M2, Kowalec M2, Welc-Falęciak R2.
Vet Parasitol. 2014 May 28;202(3-4):234-40. The risk of vector-borne infections in sled dogs associated with existing and new endemic areas in Poland. Part 2: Occurrence and control of babesiosis in a sled dog kennel during a 13-year-long period. Bajer A1, Mierzejewska EJ2, Rodo A3, Welc-Falęciak R2.
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013;20(3):426-30. Babesia canis and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) co-infection in a sled dog. Bajer A1, Rodo A, Bednarska M, Mierzejewska E, Welc-Falęciak R.
Vet Parasitol. 2011 Feb 10;175(3-4):343-50. Risk factors and control of intestinal parasite infections in sled dogs in Poland. Bajer A1, Bednarska M, Rodo A
Zoonoses Public Health. 2019 Nov;66(7):813-825. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada. Julien DA1,2, Sargeant JM1,2, Guy RA3, Shapiro K1,4, Imai RK5, Bunce A1, Sudlovenick E6, Chen S7, Li J7, Harper SL1,2,8.
Vet Parasitol. 2015 Oct 30;213(3-4):182-6. Echinococcus canadensis transmission in the North. Oksanen A1, Lavikainen A.
Miscellaneous
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1998 Mar;105(3):128-30. Keeping, transport and racing of sled dogs]. [Article in German] Dolif DM.
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1998 Mar;105(3):130-3. [Sled dog racing and animal welfare aspects].
[Article in German] Schminke A1, Möbius G.
J Applied Animal Welfare Science 2001, Vol.4, Iss.4, 257-270.“A Comparison of Tethering and Pen Confinement of Dogs. Seong C, Yeon GG, Sung W, Erb HN, Reynolds AJ, Houpt KA
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996 Mar 15;208(6):879-82. Factors associated with finishing status for dogs competing in a long-distance sled race. Constable PD1, Hinchcliff KW, Farris J, Schmidt KE.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2007 Aug;147(4):863-7. Seasonal and diurnal melatonin production in exercising sled dogs. Dunlap KL1, Reynolds AJ, Tosini G, Kerr WW, Duffy LK.
2007 Research in veterinary science, 82 (3), 409-415 . Effects of breed, gender, exercise and white-coat effect on markers of endothelial function in dogs. Moesgaard SG, Holte AV, Mogensen T, Mølbak J, Kristensen AT, Jensen A L, Olsen LH;
American journal of biochemistry and biotechnology , 2005, 1 (2), 111 . Gender differences in baseline levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in the plasma of Alaskan Sled dogs. Kemp SW, Reynolds AJ, & Duffy LK
Dokl Biol Sci. 2016 Mar;467(1):75-81. Architectonics of the hair of sled dogs of Chukotka. Chernova OF1, Vasyukov DD2, Savinetsky AB2.
Revue Francophone Des Laboratoires. 2010. 83-92. 10.1016/S1773-035X(10)70423-8. Le contrôle antidopage chez l’animal de sport : actualités et perspectives. Grandjean, Dominique.
One Health – Human and Dog Health
J Med Humanit. 2019 Sep;40(3):287-296. The 1925 Diphtheria Antitoxin Run to Nome – Alaska: A Public Health Illustration of Human-Animal Collaboration. Aboul-Enein BH1, Puddy WC2, Bowser JE3.
Int J Circumpolar Health. 2017;76(1):1396147. Health challenges in long-distance dog sled racing: A systematic review of literature. Calogiuri G1, Weydahl A2. Free full article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5678425/
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Apr 15;512-513:489-494. Evaluating the effect of ambient particulate pollution on DNA methylation in Alaskan sled dogs: potential applications for a sentinel model of human health. Montrose L1, Noonan CW2, Cho YH2, Lee J2, Harley J3, O’Hara T4, Cahill C5, Ward TJ. Free full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4339619/
Sci Total Environ ; 2007 Oct 15;385(1-3):80-5. Hair analysis in sled dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) illustrates a linkage of mercury exposure along the Yukon River with human subsistence food systems. Dunlap Kl, Reynolds AJ, Bowers PM, Duffy LK.
Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013, 72 , 508-510. Sled dogs as indicators of climate change and resultant contaminant fate and transport along the Yukon River. Duffy, L. K., Dunlap, K., Reynolds, A., & Gerlach, S. C.
Musher Health
Wilderness Environ Med. 2014 Mar;25(1):82-8. Hydration in female drivers in a 1044 km dog sled race in Finnmark. Weydahl A1, Calogiuri G2.
Int J Circumpolar Health. 2006 Feb;65(1):45-54. Hydration status and water turnover of dogsled drivers during an endurance sled dog event in the arctic. Cox CE1, Ruby BC, Banse HE, Gaskill SE
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017 Jan-Feb;57(1-2):103-110. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.05922-3. Epub 2015 Nov 11. Sleep recovery in participants after racing in the Finnmarkslop – Europe’s longest dogsled race. Calogiuri G1, Rossi A2,3, Formenti D2,3, Weydahl A3.